Certificates are （1） documents attesting to the （2） of a public key to an individual or other entity. They allow verification of the claim that a given public key does in fact belong to a given individual. Certificates help prevent someone from using a phony key to （3） someone else. In their simplest form, Certificates contain a public key and a name. As commonly used, a certificate also contains an （4） date, the name of the CA that issued the Certificate, a serial number, and perhaps other information. Most importantly, it contains the digital （5） of the certificate issuer. The most widely accepted format for certificates is X.509 , thus, Certificates can be read or written by any application complying with X.509.
（1）A、text
B、data
C、digital
D、structured
（2）A、connecting
B、binding
C、composing
D、conducting
（3）A、impersonate
B、personate
C、damage
D、control
（4）A、communication
B、computation
C、expectation
D、expiration
（5）A、signature
B、mark
C、stamp
D、hypertext
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在 OSI 參考模型中，數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層處理的數(shù)據(jù)單位是 （ ） 。
A、比特
B、幀
C、分組
D、報文
在 OGSA 標準中定義了 （ ） 的概念，它提供一組遵守特定的約定并定義明確的接口，是實體之間產生、管理和交換信息的機制。
A、Object
B、Grid Service
C、Web Service
D、XML
MIDI enables people to use （1） computers and electronic musical instruments . There are actually three components to MIDI, the communications " （2） ", the Hardware interface and a distribution （3） called "Standard MIDI Files". In the context of the WWW, the most interesting component is the （4） Format. In principle, MIDI files contain sequences of MIDI Protocol messages. However, when MIDI Protocol （5） are stored in MIDI files, the events are also time-stamped for playback in the proper sequence. Music delivered by MIDI files is the most common use of MIDI today.
（1）A、personal
B、electronic
C、multimedia
D、network
（2）A、device
B、protocol
C、network
D、controller
（3）A、format
B、text
C、wave
D、center
（4）A、Video
B、Faxmail
C、Graphic
D、Audio
（5）A、messages
B、packets
C、frame
D、information
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